Shaming individuals for being overweight can cause people to become or stay obese

By Irada Yunusova

Some people believe that the best way to tackle obesity is by making people feel guilty about their weight. However, recent studies indicate that "fat shaming" may cause more harm than good. Shaming individuals for being overweight can actually cause them to become or stay obese.

Weight discrimination and other methods that make overweight individuals feel bad about their bodies have been utilized to combat obesity. Many individuals say cruel things towards overweight individuals and do not feel as though they have done anything wrong, claiming they were doing it in the best interest of the person's health. In 2011, a public health campaign used advertisements depicting sad-looking kids with slogans like, "Big bones didn't make me this way. Big meals did." However, advertisements such as this are hurtful and research shows that it is not possible to scare or guilt people into being skinny.

A new report recently published in the journal PLoS ONE states that making an overweight or obese individual feel bad about his or her body does not motivate them to lose weight, but instead causes them to gain weight. Researchers followed 6,157 Americans of various weights from 2006 to 2010. They found that overweight people who reported experiencing weight discrimination were more than twice as likely to become obese in 2010. Individuals who were obese in 2006 were three times more likely to remain obese in 2010 if they experienced weight discrimination. It is apparent that weight discrimination has a negative impact on people's weights.

Why exactly does "fat shaming" effect people badly? Stigmatizing overweight people leads to psychological factors that are likely to contribute to weight gain, including depression and binge eating. Stigma and discrimination are stressors, and people often respond to stressors by eating. It is also possible that similar to a self-fulfilling prophecy, obese individuals internalize negative feelings, and then act accordingly.

Whether or not people say harsh things to actually help obese individuals, research indicates that "fat shaming" is counterproductive. Weight discrimination has a negative mental and physical outcome on an overweight individual's health. Instead of trying to guilt people into losing weight, it is important to alter the public's approach to diet, exercise, and health policies.

Reference: http://www.nbcnews.com/health/fat-shaming-actually-increases-risk-becoming-or-staying-obese-new-8C10751491

Does duration of breastfeeding influence baby's future intelligence?

By Irada Yunusova

Experts and mothers alike have for years been assessing the pros and cons of breastfeeding. Recent research from Boston Children's Hospital indicates that longer breastfeeding periods are associated with greater intelligence in the baby's future. Public acceptance of breastfeeding as well as mothers' dietary choices may hinder the positive effects of breastfeeding.

Mandy B. Belfort, M.D., M.P.H., and her colleagues studied the relationship between breastfeeding duration and child cognition at ages 3 and 7. They found a statistically significant association between longer breatfeeding duration and higher Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test scores at age 3 and also with higher intelligence on the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test at age 7. An IQ benefit of 0.35 points per month on the verbal scale and of 0.29 points per month on the nonverbal scale was noted for children breastfed until 1 year old.

Researchers at Boston Children's Hospital also studied the impact of a mother's fish intake on the relationship between breastfeeding duration and the Wide Range Assessment of Visual Motor Abilities at age 3. Although not statistically significant, the study indicated a positive relationship between greater fish intake (greater than or equal to 2 servings of fish per week) and a stronger relationship between breastfeeding duration and abilities.

The findings of this study support exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life and continuation of breastfeeding through the rest of the year. However, most mothers discontinue breastfeeding after 6 months of age. Also, it is difficult for mothers to breastfeed babies in public because it is looked down upon, and often even prohibited. If the complications of breastfeeding are alleviated, mothers may choose to breastfeed children for longer periods of time, reaping the benefits of improved future cognitive abilities.

Reference: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/07/130729231601.htm

Does having children make people happier?

By Irada Yunusova

Many people equate children with happiness, but recent research indicates that this may not necessarily be true. It is possible that the stress and anxiety that childcare causes may outweigh the joy that children bring. Academic research has shown that parents are either equally or less happy than childless couples.

Research has indicated that the worry, stress, and exhaustion that childbearing brings may make couples unhappy. Children are one of the top reasons for marital dissatisfaction. Couples with children are also more likely to suffer from depression, anxiety, and stress than are childless couples. It has also been found that the level of discontent parents feel is higher with greater number of children.

In a society where children appear to be a critical component of a happy life, individuals' expectations about parenthood may be inaccurate. Expecting parents are more likely to be in a state of joy because they have a positive outlook. However, childbearing ends up being more stressful and tiring than the couple had originally expected.

So why then do people believe that children bring happiness? Children definitely do bring joy some of the time. Experts believe that having children helps fulfill the fundamental human need of reproduction. However, fulfilling this need takes time and energy away from fulfilling other needs. With reduced sleep and increased stress, parents may be deprived of physiological contentment. Also, finding and keeping a long-term mate may be difficult with a child. Additionally, parents' status and esteem may be compromised, as when mothers have lower salaries than childless women.

Although children may bring happiness, this joy may be more fleeting, often interrupted by stress. Parents should not be discouraged from having children, but it is important to have realistic expectations regarding childbearing. Childbearing may be a source of stress for some individuals, and yet be a source of happiness for others.

Reference: http://dsc.discovery.com/tv-shows/curiosity/topics/big-question-does-having-children-make-us-happier.htm

Plain packaging with graphic warnings on cigarette packages may make smoking less appealing

By Irada Yunusova

In Health classrooms in schools, students are often warned that people smoke because they think it looks cool. Would they still smoke if it looked less cool? What about if cigarettes were sold in plain packages with disturbing images of cancer-affected lungs, rotten teeth, and smoking-induced vascular disease? A recent study suggests that the plain cigarette packaging with graphic warning labels used in Australia may make smoking less appealing.

In 2012 in Australia, plain brown packaging with graphic health warning labels taking up three quarters of the font of the pack began to be available for all tobacco products. On December 1, 2012, legislation requiring all tobacco sold at retail outlets to be contained in plain packs was passed in Australia. Australia is the first and only country in the world to have done so yet.

Researchers interested in the effect plain packaging may have on smokers interviewed 536 smokers in November 2012 in Australia, 72.3% of whom were already using the plain-packaged cigarettes, while the remainder used traditional, branded packs. Plain pack smokers were 66% more likely than brand pack smokers to believe their cigarettes were poorer quality than a year ago. They were also 70% more likely to say they found them less satisfying. Also, plain pack smokers were 81% more likely to have thought about quitting at least once a day during the previous week and to rate quitting as a higher priority in the lives. Such findings demonstrate the extent of plain packaged cigarettes' influence on smokers

Other noteworthy findings indicated that as December 1, 2012 approached, more and more individuals switched to plain packed cigarettes, and their responses came to more closely match those of individuals who smoked from plain packaged cigarettes from the study's commencement. Additionally, individuals who smoked from plain packs were 51% more likely to support the new legislation. It can be concluded that support for plain-packaged cigarettes and for quitting smoking increases with experience with the new product.

The results of this study demonstrate that the effect of plain packaged cigarettes on smokers have a practical as well as a statistical significance. Convincing individuals to quit smoking has been a goal of the plain packaging legislation from its inception, and the findings of this study are encouraging. Perhaps the success of this legislation in Australia will persuade other nations to consider implementing similar measures. The fight against smoking has begun.

Reference: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/07/130722202922.htm

Does Your Child Have ADHD?

Helpful Ways to Keep Them Organized

by Kristi Caporoso

 

When your child has ADHD, it can often be difficult for them to stay organized, focused, and get schoolwork done. Studies done on this subject have shown that learning organizational skills can help kids with ADHD if they are taught early on and encouraged into their teen years. For example, as a parent you can help by creating a schedule for your child, for either homework or chores, and have a check system when they complete their task. This allows the child to keep track of what they have done, and keep in mind upcoming due dates. Another important thing to have for a child with ADHD is a set, quiet place where they can do their work. This place should have minimal distractions and be an appropriate workspace, one they come to associate with being focused. Regular cleaning and organizing and preparing for school  the night before are also a good idea.  They prevent forgetting and prevent things from getting lost.
While all of these suggestions will help your child to become more organized, it will not necessarily be easy. "Parents should remember that a child’s or teen’s behavior takes time to change — it’s not going to happen overnight" (Gromisch). Make sure you keep patient with your child, and if a task is too big or overwhelming, try breaking it down into simpler steps. Experts say a reward system may be effective as well.

http://psychcentral.com/lib/helping-your-kids-keep-organized-with-childhood-adhd/00017181

Parents' cooperation has more impact on adopted children than their sexual orientation

By Irada Yunusova

Debates concerning gay marriage and adoption by same sex couples continue to create conflict across the nation. Ongoing scientific studies can greatly influence the public view of various issues, including gay marriage. Researchers at the University of Massachusetts Amherst and the University of Virginia have recently conducted a study concerning behavioral problems in children adopted by straight, gay, and lesbian couples.

Researchers Farr and Patterson surveyed 104 families, of which 25 were lesbians parents, 29 were gay males, and 50 were heterosexuals. Parents reported on the division of child-related labor between them, such as feeding, dressing, and playing, and on factors of their child's adjustment. Also, parent-child play sessions were recorded, and then researchers observed and rated the behavior along scales from "supportive" to "undermining."

Researchers found that the sexual preference of the parents did not influence the behavior of children, but the parents' satisfaction with the division of labor did. Although same-sex couples divided tasks more equally than straight couples, the actual division of childcare tasks was unrelated to children's adjustment. However, the parents' satisfaction with their arrangement was related to children's behavior problems, such as acting out or showing aggressive behavior. Harmonious, supportive co-parenting interactions are associated with positive child behavior for all three types of parents.

The findings of this study indicate that parents' interactions with one another are influential in an adopted child's adjustment and behavior. Although same-sex couples may choose to divide child-care tasks differently from straight couples, as long as they do so in a harmonious way, the child should have positive adjustment. It is clear that these findings can have a serious impact on politics and social interactions in the 21st century.

Reference: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/07/130713095246.htm

The Dangers of Teen Sexting

By Sierra Shumate 

You may ask: What is sexting? 

Sexting is sending, receiving or forwarding either sexually explicit photos or messages through text, or through email. The term "sext" first emerged around 2005, but there have been many ways that sexual imaging and material have been recorded and exchanged over the years. However, social media has given a whole new outlet to produce and share this type of material with the click of a button--and sometimes, these types of messages are sent without thought about who may be seeing them. 

Recent research that was recently performed on teen sexting at the University of Utah's Department of Psychology shows some of the dangers of sexting. Researchers surveyed approximately 600 teens ages 14-18 and found that about 20 percent of the teens answered that they had sent a sexual image of themselves using their cell phone via texts. About 40 percent of teens said that they had received a sext before, and 25 percent of those admitted to having forwarded the sext to someone else.
Just recently there has been some interesting research released on teen sexting:

The study also showed that around a third of these teens didn't really consider the legal ramifications of their sexual actions--those teens who had engaged in sexting were much more likely to find the activity acceptable than those who did not. 

A second study was performed and published in the Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine. Findings showed that 28% of kids had sent a sext before, and about 76% of those had admitted to having had sexual intercourse. Girls were asked to send a sext much more often than boys, and the peak "sexting" age is around 16. After age 18, sexting seems to decline.

It may seem difficult to parents to be able to talk to their teens about sex--but it is of the utmost importance. At first, it may seem a little daunting, but after multiple discussions it will begin to get more comfortable and pay off. It is also important to create an environment to have a safe dialogue with your child where they will feel comfortable telling you things and won't feel afraid to discuss things with you. Although it is valuable to talk to your teen about the consequences and impacts of acting out on sexual impulse, it is also  important to let him/her know that sexual desires and curiosity are normal at that age. Teens tend to experiment and explore, as sex creates curiosity. It is important for parents to be a baseline in their teens lives' in order to help them through the adolescent experience 

Source: Psychology Today 

The Effects of Joint Custody on Children's Attachment Levels

by Kristi Caporoso

While the process of split custody may seem simple to a judge or even to stable, caring parents, it turns out that it may have a longer-lasting impact on children--starting as young as infancy. The first year of life is when children develop their attachment styles. The ability to develop secure attachments is something that develops at this stage, but carries on into the rest of the child's life. This development is "critical" to having secure and healthy relationships later in life. Studies are now showing that spending a night or two per week away from their primary caregiver can negatively affect children's attachment development. Resolving this issue is tricky, because in an ideal world the child would be able to securely attach to both caregivers. However, researchers say it is better for them to develop one secure attachment--that will therefore positively affect the rest of their relationships and attachments--than none at all. How can this be achieved? Experts are saying that if a child has to be split between two caregivers, they spend their time with the secondary one during the day several days a week. Then, as the child gets older and has developed his/her basic attachment style, the overnight stays can be added in slowly. The process will take a lot of focus on development by both parents, and keeping of the child's best interest in mind.

Source: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/07/130719083611.htm

Music Shown to Relieve Pain & Anxiety in Kids

by Kristi Caporoso

It turns out that music is more than just something pleasant to listen to. Recent studies have shown that when music is played in ERs and during medical procedures, children report less perceived pain and a lower anxiety level. Not only does music do this, but it also increases satisfaction levels of the parents and of the medical practitioners. "In the music listening group, 76 percent of health-care providers said the IVs were very easy to administer — a markedly higher number than the non-music group where only 38 per cent of health-care providers said the procedure was very easy" (Nauert). What does this mean for medical practice? Without a doubt, it provides an inexpensive solution to children's discomfort and anxiety during medical procedures. Researchers are unsure of what exactly it is about music that makes this difference, but one thing is clear. Music has a definite impact on a child's perceived pain levels, which contributes to greater parent and administrator satisfaction as well.

http://psychcentral.com/news/2013/07/17/music-soothes-the-savage-beast-and-relieves-pain-in-kids/57300.html

Ex-prosecutor Jay Fahy's apparent sucide on Route 17 in New Jersey

By Irada Yunusova

Former prosecutor and TV commentator Jay Fahy was found dead on Wednesday, July 17th on Route 17 in New Jersey. Two boys found Jay Fahy's body under a railroad trestle at 5 pm lying beside a gun. Authorities say that it is an apparent suicide, his death caused by a single gunshot to the head.

Jay Fahy was well liked and well known. He was a prominent US attorney and had served as Bergen County prosecutor. He was also a commentator on MSNBC, Court TV and CNBC.  “He took his responsibilities very seriously and brought a degree of maturity to the job,” said former Governor James Florio. “Sometimes those types of jobs can go to people’s heads and then they lose perspective. Jay was not. He was diligent, but he was rational and he was very, very mature and tough but compassionate.” His death came as a shock to many of his friends and family.

Over 30,000 Americans die each year due to suicide and it is important to look out for signs. 70% of individuals who commit suicide tell someone about their plans or show warning signs. Family and friends are in the best position to notice warning signs. Suicidal individuals may say things such as, "Life isn't worth living," or "I can't deal with everything. Life is too hard." Also, putting affairs in order, selling personal possessions, and obtaining weapons are all significant warning signs. It is important to offer a suicidal troubled individual support and to encourage them to seek professional mental health from a therapist, psychiatrist, or counselor.

Jay Fahy's death is a terrible tragedy and has affected all of those around him. Although the despair that has struck his family cannot be undone, it is important that this hardship allow us to support our own family and friends to prevent further suffering. Our thoughts are with Jay Fahy's family.
 
References: http://abclocal.go.com/wabc/story?section=news/local/new_jersey&id=9176458
http://www.njtvonline.org/njtoday/video/former-bergen-county-prosecutor-jay-fahy-commits-suicide/
http://psychcentral.com/blog/archives/2007/10/08/common-signs-of-someone-who-may-be-suicidal/

Study Identifies Genes Linked to Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

By: Sierra Shumate

In a recent study at Emory University, neuroscientist Raul Andero Gali, talks about the prevention of PTSD-like symptoms through treatment. The study, which researched drugs that can prevent reactions to trauma, shows that the prospects for developing an actual treatment are relatively high, according to Sheena Josselyn, of the University of Toronto.

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder consists of feelings of worry or fear long after danger is avoided--it can often occur after a traumatic, short lived or chronic situation. The study on the disorder was performed by a team or researchers who set out to find genes that would explain why some victims are more vulnerable to PTSD than others.

Scientists used mice and taped them to wooden boards for two hours each--a trap hat can cause PTSD like symptoms such as memory problems and anxiety. One group of mice was the control group, which was not exposed to any type of stress. Both groups of mice were then killed and amygdala tissue was removed, screened, and analyzed in order to see how the genes were expressed. 

One difference was found--OPRL21, a gene which instructed the brain how to make a receptor for the chemical nociceptin. 

More mice were traumatized in order to see if activating the receptor with a drug would have any effect on PTSD like symptoms. The mice were classically conditioned to hear a tone and then expect a mild electric shock immediately after. Some mice were injected with the test drug. 

The next day, researchers replayed the tone, but did not shock the mice--the mice who had received the drug learned very quickly not to fear the tone any more, while those who did not, showed more PTSD like symptoms and were still very traumatized. 

In the last steps of the study, researchers examined the OPRL1 gene in people with PTSD currently. Those who had a specific version of the gene had worse PTSD symptoms, and it was relatively common across the population.

Two experts on trauma-related mental health disorders say that this research may later be used to predict who is at greatest risk for PTSD, which can help to provide prevention treatment in the future.

Source: Los Angeles Times, Mental Health 

Writing can heal both mental and physical wounds.

By Irada Yunusova

People often find writing soothing, but did you know that it also has healing capabilities? Recent research from various studies supports the belief that writing about personally distressing events can accelerate the healing process both mentally and physically.

Earlier research has suggested that writing can help individuals heal mentally. One study has found that soldiers returning home from war zones had improved marital satisfaction if they wrote about the disturbing combat experiences. In another study, patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) had improved mood and reduced levels of stress hormones after writing about their difficult experiences. Research has also suggested that individuals who are emotionally open find writing about traumatic events to be soothing, while individuals who are typically stoic actually experience increased anxiety. Although writing about distressing events may not help everyone, there is a clear link between writing and mental health.

Further studies have also looked into writing's effect on physical health. In a recent study, subjects had a small skin biopsy done that left a scar. Half the subjects wrote openly about emotionally traumatic events and the other half wrote about their plans for the next day, avoiding mention of their feelings, beliefs, and opinions. Eleven days after the biopsy, 76% of individuals who wrote about emotional experiences completely healed and only 42% of individuals who wrote about their plans healed completely. In an additional study, viral load in HIV-positive patients lowered for those who wrote about emotional events, as opposed to those who wrote about neutral topics. Such results demonstrated the healing capabilities of writing.

Writing about distressing events can heal mental and physical moods for various reasons. Expressing their thoughts allows individuals to sleep better at night, and sleeping boosts growth hormone levels, enabling injuries to heal. Writing also reduces stress, promoting physical health. It has been suggested that lowering anxiety lowers stress hormones, which may be responsible for slower wound healing. The various helpful aspects of writing support its usefulness in treating both mental and physical wounds.
References: http://healthland.time.com/2013/07/13/how-writing-heals-wounds-of-both-the-mind-and-body/#ixzz2ZDwACb68

Choosing the Right Career Path Based on Your Goals

By: Sierra Shumate

Typically, in the workplace, there are two main types of people. There are the optimists--those who focus on all the great things that will happen in order for them to succeed, who are willing to take risks for advancement, and who may experience benefits as well as downsides. They tend to "play to win." On the other hand, there are workers who are marked as "pessimists," who do their work perfectly, and strive to avoid mistakes. They do not see a risk not taken as a failure to advance, but more as a responsibility upheld.

These two types of people are promotional and prevention focused people (respectively,) and work towards goals in different types of ways. The funny part is, they are both striving to achieve the same thing, but go about it in diverse routes.

These two types of focuses are driven very differently. For example, a man named Bob who is more of a pessimistic and responsible type, may not be driven to do things if he is constantly given praise by his boss about how great of a job has been done. Instead, prevention focused people tend to be more driven by criticism. If the possibility of failure is there, prevention focused people strive to be more conservative, not taking chances, and thus produce extremely careful and articulate work. They would much more prefer to say "no" to a possible opportunity, than end up failing or not achieving what they expected. They play to "not lose," rather than to "win." 

Promotionally focused people base things off of opportunity. What is scary to them is a missed road taken, an opportunity unseized--essentially, promotionally based people have a fear of missing out on chances, because these chances are what help them to advance. Although these types of people may be more prone to error, and less likely to think things through, they still focus on all the great things that will happen to them when they succeed. They are benefit focused, and pursue gains. They would rather say "yes" to an opportunity and have it fail, then not say anything at all and never know what they were missing. Thus, promotionally focused people thrive off of praise and positivity. In the workplace, the more excited they are about something and the more positive comments they receive, the more they may advance. Criticism hinders promotionally based people because it makes them feel cornered, while they enjoy endless opportunity. 

It is important to remember what type of person you are when choosing a career path. Depending on what kind of job you have in the future, whether it be a lawyer, doctor, entrepreneur, or psychologist, it is crucial to think about what kinds of opportunities and what style of goal achievement is out there. In terms of careers, "do what you love" is typical advice--however, who can really predict what a job will actually be like prior to the first day? The best recommendation out there is to do something that will help you to achieve your goals, dependent on how you achieve your goals.  

Source: http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-science-success/201303/are-you-promotion-or-prevention-focused

Afraid of Flying?

Outsmart Your Anxiety

by Kristi Caporoso

    Having a phobia of anything, including airplanes or enclosed spaces, can be particularly overwhelming and hard to manage. Going on vacation oversees seems like an impossible feat; you experience physical danger signals when in reality you are safe; and discomfort runs rampant through you whenever you encounter the object of your fear.
    However, danger isn't what is putting you on high alert in these situations--it is merely anxiety. Martin N. Seif, PhD, says "Anxiety is a world-class buffer. It bluffs people into thinking they're in danger when they're really not." Anxiety is defined by irrational fears that cripple those who suffer from it. Some of these fears may even piggy-back each other, such as fear of flying and fear of enclosed spaces (Marill). This can make situations seem even more difficult to be in. People in general tend to "misjudge risks" even if they do not have anxiety problems. For example, fear of flying is more prominent than fear of driving or being in an automobile--even though a substantial amount of more people die in car accidents every day than plane accidents.
    To combat these irrational fears and anxiety, "truth is an antidote" (Marill). Take some time to research how safe flying actually is before you do it. Also, keep yourself in the present moment. Don't let your mind roam and run away with "what if." And although it may be difficult to deal with, simply avoiding what you're afraid of does not help--it only reinforces the anxiety or phobia that you have.

Source: WebMD, "High Anxiety," Michelle Cohen Marill

Why is sad music enjoyable?

By Irada Yunusova

People typically agree that sad music makes them sad, and most people don't like feeling sad. So why do we listen to sad music? Since sadness is regarded as an unpleasant emotion, it is logical to conclude that we would not listen to music that only evoked such feelings. A recent study published in Frontiers in Psychology suggests that sad music may actually evoke positive emotions, causing people to enjoy listening to sad music.

In a study conducted with 44 volunteers, including musicians and non-specialists, individuals listened to two pieces of sad music and one piece of happy music. The volunteers then rated their perception of the music and their own emotional state. The researchers found that the participants of the study tended to report sad music as more tragic, less romantic, and less blithe than they themselves felt while they listened to it. Sad music induced sad and romantic emotion, regardless of whether or not the participant was regarded as a musician.

Researchers explained that sadness experienced through music can actually feel pleasant, possibly because it does not actually threaten our safety unlike sadness caused by most daily experiences. People can use music to deal with their negative emotions from their daily lives in a harmless way. People are able to alleviate negative emotion from daily life through music, possibly bringing about positive emotions that make sad music enjoyable.

References: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/07/130711135459.htm

Employee's personality and goals are biggest factor in job efficiency

By Irada Yunusova

People often believe that rewards and punishments are all that dictate performance. However, a new study from the University of Iowa suggests that personality is also an essential factor. They found that an employee's personality and high-order goals are the determining factor of an employee's motivational forces and not external situational factors.

Professors Mick Mount and Ning Li have found that if an individual's personality does not match the job requirements, he will not be affected by external factors regardless of their intensity. "The Theory of Purposeful Work Behavior" in the Academy of Management Review explains, "Individual motivation is generated by the pursuit of high-order goals that emanate from one's personality traits." Mount and Li's theory utilizes the Five Factor Model, which depicts the five dimensions of personality, to understand the interaction between personality, the work environment, and the nature of the job. They have concluded that a worker's personality traits create a high-order goal - status, autonomy, achievement, or communion -  that he or she strives toward in life, and when this goal can be fulfilled at work, the employee is more productive.

These new findings stress the importance of selecting the right worker for the right job through a thoughtful hiring and training process. It is imperative that an individual is motivated intrinsically and not solely by external factors, such as the promise of a raise or the threat of being fired. More motivated workers can help boost a company's efficiency. Correctly matching a worker to a job is therefore beneficial for both the employer and the employee.

References: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/07/130709123923.htm

Cyberbullying Can (and Does) Continue Into College

by Kristi Caporoso

    It is without a doubt that cyberbullying has become a huge issue in our society today. Kids and teens have found new ways to harass their peers, making it harder for victims to escape from bullies even when they are in their own home. But when does this end? In grade school? In high school? Recent studies have shown that cyberbullying has extended as far as young adulthood. That's right, this new technological nightmare is now reaching college students as well.
    As one would expect, this new phenomenon not only impacts the student's feelings, but hurts their academic career and personal life as well. Several studies have been done at Midwestern universities revealing that bullying comes through tweets, texts, Facebook, and even websites that are meant to be used for academia. One case in particular that drew national attention was the suicide of Rutgers freshman Tyler Clementi, whose sexual activity was posted on YouTube without his knowledge or permission by his roommate and friend. This case and numerous others make it clear that cyberbullying is an issue that requires immediate attention. Ph.D. Jiyoon Yoon is researching about the issue and promoting knowledge and awareness that may possibly help universities to get involved in stopping cyberbullying. "Experts say that Yoon’s work contributes to the ongoing conversation about the role of educational institutions in providing safe learning environments" (Nauert). This research is finding that cyberbullying doesn't just reach students--people bully college faculty online as well. It is also suggesting that universities get involved to curb this issue, especially when it puts students' lives and well-being at risk. Hopefully as time passes steps will be taken to bring this escalating problem under control--in universities and nation-wide.

Source: http://psychcentral.com/news/2013/07/11/college-cyberbullying-can-have-serious-consequences/57066.html, Rick Nauert

A New Alternative to Medication for Children with Tourette's

by Kristi Caporoso

Tourette's Syndrome, a disorder that predominantly affects children and is characterized by sudden, uncontrolled movements and/or vocal tics, has previously been treated in almost all cases by medication. However, research on a new form of cognitive behavioral therapy, comprehensive behavioral intervention for tics (CBIT), has shown that behavioral therapy may be a promising new treatment alternative for the disorder. This type of therapy is focused on training kids to recognize the stressors that set off their tics, and help them to manage them and practice a different way to react other than uncontrolled movements.  "A tic usually occurs in response to a spontaneous urge that a person finds uncomfortable or distressing. Executing the tic behavior provides a feeling of relief from the sensation" (Swaminathan). CBIT works towards relieving this distress in a more calm, less disruptive way that distracts from performing the tic. Some of these methods may be deep breathing or other relaxation techniques. One girl who engaged in CBIT saw a decrease in her tics over time almost completely without the use of medication. This is beneficial because while medication helps with tics, it can have certain unwanted side effects. CBIT provides the benefits of medication without the negative side effects. In fact, it can positively affect the patient in other aspects of their life, including boosting their self-esteem and decreasing their overall anxiety level. According to researchers, CBIT works best for those who have Tourette's without many other comorbidities. However, it may be used in combination with other cognitive behavioral therapies to address more than one issue.
Overall, behavioral therapy is looking to be an effective future treatment for Tourette's with positive side effects on the patient.

Source: Monitor on Psychology, Nikhil Swaminathan

Dog with a cleft lip helps kids with facial deformities

 

 

By Irada Yunusova
Physical defects are difficult to come to terms with, especially for kids. However, knowing that they are not alone helps many individuals feel better about themselves. When considering support others can offer, most people picture other humans. But what about a dog?

A French bulldog, Lentil, is helping kids with facial defects feel better about themselves. Lentil was born with a severe, double sided cleft in his hard and soft palate, lip and nose. Since the hard palate cleft increased the dog's risk of infection and aspiration risk (food could go down his windpipe), surgeons closed his hard palate. Since the soft palate is mainly cosmetic and dogs do not feel self-conscious in the way that humans do, surgeons decided to leave it as it was.

One of Lentil's surgeons, Dr. John Lewis, later realized that Lentil had an opportunity to make an impact. A program was created that connected canines and people with cranial and facial deformities. Now Lentil and other dogs meet with individuals with facial defects. CNN has chronicled Lentil's impact and how people are able to connect with him. Danny Pfeiffer, a boy suffering with Saethre-Chotzen syndrome,  said that seeing how Lentil does not look like a regular dog but is special in his own way has helped him.

As Lentil continues to travel and meet with people struggling with deformities, it is becoming clear that the impact one dog can have on the world is remarkable. Connecting with another individual, whether human or canine, can allow someone to feel supported.

References: http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-204_162-57592466/french-bulldog-with-cleft-lip-helps-kids-be-okay-with-facial-defects/

Take Hold of Your Happiness When Anxiety and Depression Strike

by Kristi Caporoso

    If you're someone who suffers from occasional or frequent bouts of depression or anxiety, it can often feel like happiness is out of your reach. Blogger Carol Kivler has several suggestions for how to pull yourself out of the rut anxiety and depression hold you in and get back to feeling hopeful and happy. First and foremost, she encourages the "3 C's" for long-term recovery: "confidence that recovery is possible; compliance with medication and therapy; and commitment to lifestyle changes" (Kivler).
    In addition to these three C's, there are numerous other methods to regain happiness and shed the dark cloak that has been thrown over you. Firstly, it is often common for those suffering from anxiety or depression to feel ashamed. There is an unfair negative stigma attached to mental illness, which can be dragging you further down emotionally. To combat these feelings, consider joining a support group, whether it is in person or online, or reach out to others who have been through what you have. Having support from someone who understands your problems and won't judge you can be a big help and shame-evaporator. Another way to combat the blues is by trying your best to focus on the positive, even if it's difficult. Start with the small stuff. Focus on a day of good weather, or any other "endless small miracles that happen every day" (Kivler). Being grateful and happy for these small occurrences can have a big payoff. Something else you should focus on as well is hope. Remember that what you are experiencing will pass; it is just a symptom of your depression or anxiety. Think about things that usually bring you joy or pleasure, and remind yourself that you can feel happy, and you will again. When stressful or sad feelings consume you, it is hard not to constantly think of and ruminate about them. One way of combating this is taking the focus off of you and your mind, and shifting it over to someone else. Try various acts of generosity--"leaving a tip for someone who didn't expect it, or holding the door open for someone behind you" (Kivler). These acts will take your mind off your current mental state and help you to think of other things.
    One very important thing to keep in mind when battling these feelings is that they are a part of your life, and you cannot change that. Everyone has something difficult in their life to cope with, and "this is your something." Acceptance is a powerful thing. It can help you to make peace with whatever you're going through and move forward into trying to take steps to help yourself.

Source: Esperanza, Carol A. Kivler

Happy and healthy in marriage

By Irada Yunusova
With marriage vows, individuals promise to be together through sickness and health, but is there a way to increase periods of health? New research indicates that a marriage's quality influences the couple's health. In an earlier study scientists had found that marital conflict leads to poor health, but new research shows that a positive relationships can keep individuals healthy for years.

In a recent BYU longitudinal study, couples' marriage quality and health were tracked for 20 years. 1,681 married individuals from across the United States were sampled. Researchers measured quality of marriage by rating on happiness, satisfaction, and presence of marriages problems. Health was self-rated on a scale of 1 to 4. Scientists found that positive marriage relationships sustain health in the long run.

The results of this study demonstrate the importance of resolving issues in marriage and trying to keep the marriage positive. Since the quality of a marriage influences individuals' health, it is important to seek out marriage counseling when it may be needed. People in healthy marriages are able to encourage the upkeep of one another's health, support each other, and help relieve stress.

References: http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/262890.php

Effective Goals: Individuals are more likely to pursue goals with ranges instead of a single value

By Irada Yunusova

It seems as though a goal of losing 3 pounds and one of losing 2-4 pounds would yield equivalent results. However, research suggests that it does not. It has been found that individuals are more likely to pursue goals when they are ambitious yet flexible. Consumers also reengage various goals, such as losing weight, saving money, or improving their exercise performance. Whether or not they choose to do so is dependent on the accomplishment they feel, which is influenced by whether the goal is a high-low range goal or a single number goal.

In a new study in the Journal of Consumer Research, consumers in a weight loss program set either high-low range goals or single number goals. At the end of the program, there was not a statistically significant difference between the average weight loss of the two groups. However, it was found that the consumers in the high-low range goal group reenrolled in the program at higher rates. This demonstrates that individuals continue to pursue goals that have ranges because the high end goal (lose 4 pounds) increases the challenge of the goal and the low end (lose 2 pounds) increases it's attainability. However, the compromise of losing three pounds may seem like less of an accomplishment, so individuals will not attempt to re-attempt this goal.

Similar results have been found with other goals, such as resisting tempting foods, solving puzzles, or playing a grocery shopping game. Results from various studies have consistently supported the belief that a high-low range goal will encourage reengagement of goals. Therefore, such goals can be viewed as more appealing and effective than single value goals.

References: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130618101614.htm

New Psychological Findings Suggest that it May be Possible to Help Children "Grow Out" of Autism

By: Sierra Shumate

For a long time, it has been common belief that Autism Spectrum Disorder is a chronic, incurable condition that can be treated with therapy in order to help people cope. 

However, researchers implemented by the US National Institute of Health say that this view may need to be reassessed a bit. Thirty-four people (both children and young adults) ranging from ages 8-21, who were previously diagnosed with an autistic spectrum disorder, were currently identified as being entirely on-par with their peers. Earlier diagnoses were revisited and re-checked by multiple experts, and the children today were compared with a second group as well as a control group. The second group consisted of children who had been diagnosed with high functioning autism, who had been matched for gender and age, and the control group consisted of children who were unaffected developmentally.

Director of the National Institute of Mental Health, Thomas Insel, states that the "diagnosis of autism is not typically lost overtime." However, he seems to think that these studies suggest a wide range of possible outcomes associated with the disorder. This report provides a basis for more exploration to be done on the nature of autism and long term outcomes for future children. 

The children who are now being studied are now a part of further research on changes in their brain functioning as well as the type of therapy they received. The children who"grew out" of autism were noted with a slightly higher IQ than those with highly functioning autism and were also diagnosed with a more mild form. It is possible that having a higher IQ may have aided these children in their development and acquiring social traits.

From this research it can be inferred that autistic traits may be able to be improved, and may even be entirely masked through intensive therapy and support. Dr. Judith Gould, director of the National Autistic Society, states that “This research acknowledges that a diagnosis of autism is not usually lost over time and it is important to recognize the support that people with autism need in order to live the lives of their choosing." 

Source: http://www.independent.co.uk

Study Abroad Experience Benefits More Than Just Education

by Kristi Caporoso

Studying abroad is without a doubt an incredible opportunity available for college students. Most kids are thrilled at the chance to live away from home in a foreign country for six months, meet new people, try new foods, and learn about a new culture. However, recently it has been discovered that the benefits that come from studying abroad aren't just evident in the student's education and socialization--there are emotional health benefits as well. The experience helps emotional development in numerous ways. It makes the student much more open and able to cope with change. Successfully adapting to and living amongst another culture helps their emotional stability. According to a study, students who were signed up to study abroad were "more open-minded, conscientious and extravert than their fellow students who stay at home (Zimmerman)," even before they left. After their study abroad experience, these personality traits developed even more. So if you are considering studying abroad or are a worried parent whose child wishes to study abroad, it will without a doubt be a beneficial experience to your or your child's emotional health--another perk in addition to the delicious foreign meals.

Source: http://psychcentral.com/news/2013/07/05/studying-abroad-boost-students-emotional-development/56846.html, Janice Wood

Trust and an end goal are important for productivity

By Irada Yunusova

Whether it's with home-made cookies, mass-produced toys, or patient treatment, productivity is always important. Researchers from the humanities, social sciences, cognitive sciences, biology, and clinical sciences are currently all working together to study human interactions, including those required to improve efficiency. A recent study has found that having a clear end goal and trusting other members of the team can increase productivity in every environment.

Researchers from Aarhus University's transdisciplinary Interacting Minds Centre have found that when members of a team share a clear goal and they all know exactly what they are supposed to be working on, they trust one another more. Instead of just considering rules and process, it is vital to stress a target, thereby facilitating cooperation and productivity. Understanding the importance of a goal can increase efficiency in corporations, facilities, and even in homes.

References: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/07/130703105533.htm

Do men really stress more in traffic?

By Irada Yunusova

People often assume that men get more stressed in traffic than women, but do they actually? A new study conducted in England supports this belief. It was found that women experience an 8.7% increase in stress levels in traffic, while men experience a 60% increase in stress levels. The subjects reported on their own stress levels, and later psychologists measured levels of stress chemicals in the subjects' saliva. They found that the actual levels were even higher than what subjects had self-reported.

It is sometimes not clear to an individual if he or she is stressed. The psychologists found that although half the male participants and two thirds of the female participants had stated that they did not feel stressed after 20 minutes of traffic, their saliva indicated that they were. Some indicators of tension in traffic include dizziness, breathlessness, muscular aches, chest pains, irritation, and erratic driving. Researchers also found that when individuals frequently experience stressful situations, they may be at an increased risk for high blood pressure, high blood sugar levels, and suppressed immune function. Continuous stress can be very dangerous.

Researcher David Moxon concluded that the increased stress levels in males may be due to the fight or flight response. In most situations, an individual will either attempt to attack the situation or flee it. However, especially for males, not being able to do either when stuck in traffic causes stress. The study found that two-thirds of women were able to reduce stress in traffic by turning on the radio and singing along. Finding ways to cope with a frustrating situation can reduce stress.

References: http://news.drive.com.au/drive/roads-and-traffic/men-stress-more-in-traffic-study-20110526-1f5qv.html 

Trichotillomania--"I Feel Like Ripping My Hair Out"--A Literal Concern

By: Sierra Shumate 

           The common phrases, "I'm going to rip my hair out," or, "I feel like I want to jump out of my skin," although they are typically used figuratively, can also be literal.  For some people, a common way to cope with daily stressors or to satisfy urges is by pulling his/her own hair. Hair pulling is commonly a way to change emotional state--from one of anxiety, for example, to a more hypnotic and calmed state. It can be categorized as a self-soothing behavior, but actually takes on quite an addicting quality and is now categorized as an impulse control disorder--trichotillomania.             Other forms of the disorder, such as skin picking behaviors, are difficult to understand by some therapists, as the reasoning behind the behaviors are sometimes unclear. It proves difficult to classify the disorder, as it does have some characteristics of an OC Spectrum disorder--with preoccupations or obsessive thoughts that are mediated by the said hair pulling/skin picking.
              However, not all people with trichotillomania report obsessive thoughts or tension to be the reason behind their behavior, on the other hand, most people find that the behaviors do not occur during times of stress, but rather, during times of calm or leisure activities. Many people report being in a "trance like" state when hair pulling or skin picking, and it thus cannot be categorized under a compulsive disorder, since not all people report obsessive thoughts.
              Instead, many therapists argue that hair pulling and skin picking behaviors like these should be categorized as impulsions, rather than compulsions, because they are simply behaviors triggered by an inability to control certain impulses. Therefore, trichotillomania should instead be classified as an impulse control disorder--and grouped with these types of disorders such as compulsive gambling, binge eating, and substance abuse.
              With the ongoing controversy, it still proves difficult to diagnose these types of behaviors properly, and it is important for therapists to understand that each person has a different reason for the pulling or picking behavior, and that the type of treatment needs to be specifically tailored to meet each individual's needs.

Is it ok to get angry over minor stressors?

By Irada Yunusova
Although getting angry seems natural and it is difficult at times to control one's emotions, recent research suggests that negative responses to minor daily stressors can have a major impact on future mental health. People often get angry at home and work, when waiting in lines, or sitting in traffic, but such reactions can be dangerous in the long run.

Researchers recently analyzed data from two national, longitudinal surveys. They found that negative reactions to minor daily stressors predicted psychological distress and self-reported anxiety and mood disorders 10 years later. It is important to understand that such negative responses can be an overreaction that can affect and individual's health. It is, therefore, important to consider such behavior seriously.

References: Esperanza Hope to Cope with Anxiety and Depression.

A New Way to Look at Depression

by Kristi Caporoso

As tough as the battle against depression is, it is even tougher for those who have chronic, treatment-resistant depression. Recent studies are suggesting that a new way to look at and treat depression may be helpful for these cases. Approaching it as a chronic illness has been suggested as a new way to cope with and possibly improve resistant, long-term depression. This would mean that the focus of treatment would not be merely on symptom elimination. Usually, doctors treat resistant depression by prescribing one medication after another, or numerous different therapies. This new suggested approach involves education about depression, teaching patients how to cope and live with depression, and showing them how to function while having depression. This doesn't leave patients hopeless and desperate when their symptoms don't go away. Clinicians can also try blame-free approaches that are used to help patients with other chronic illnesses such as diabetes. Research on this method hasn't proven anything conclusive, but it has shown significant improvement in depression scales compared to a control group who continued their therapy as normal. These findings provide a new, hopeful treatment possibility for those suffering from extremely resistant depression.

Source: Adult Psychiatry, Sherry Boschert

Falling back on habits in times of stress

By Irada Yunusova

So if you are stressed out and you do not know what to do, you might do something out of the ordinary or something you wouldn't usually do, right? Wrong. Recent research has found that in times of stress, individuals fall back on their regular habits, whether that is sitting on the couch eating ice cream or going for a jog.

When individuals think of old habits, they often think of negative habits. However, data from five recent experiments indicates that individuals continue their usual habits - whether good or bad - when they are overwhelmed. They found that during exam times students continued their usual habits with regard to the type of breakfast they ate and whether they read the entertainment or the educational section of the newspaper. Such research demonstrated that the simplest way to cope with stress was to do what had usually been done.

Research has also demonstrated that willpower is a finite resource. It's as though individuals draw willpower from a well when they attempt to self-regulate themselves, such as when preventing themselves from eating brownies. When dealing with too many stressors, an individual will tire out and only time and sleep can help to replenish this well.

Stress is often unavoidable and everyone deals with it in his own way. Although our bad habits may stand out more in our mind, it may be comforting to realize that individuals rely on their good habits when stressed as well. The best thing to do is to give yourself time to relax so that your willpower is still strong when dealing with the next stressor.

References: http://www.cnn.com/2013/06/26/health/bad-good-habits-stress/index.html?hpt=hp_bn13

Utensils affect how food tastes and how much we eat

By Irada Yunusova

People often consider the importance of taste and portions for their food, but how about the utensils they use? A new study has found that the utensils we use also affect our diet, by influencing the taste of food and how filling it seems. This could be where the saying, "We eat with our eyes," comes from.

In a new study in the journal Flavour, researchers studied spoons, forks, and knives and varied different aspects of the utensils to see how it would affect individuals' perception of food. They found that when food is eaten off of a lighter-weight utensil, it feels more filling. For example, yogurt off of a plastic spoon tastes more filling than yogurt off of a metal spoon. Additionally when utensils and food contents have less color contrast, the food tastes sweeter. White yogurt in a white spoon actually tastes sweeter than pink yogurt in a white spoon! It's not only what we eat, but how we eat it that affects our diets!

Eating food is an interaction of multiple senses; it is an experience of taste, texture, scent, and sight. The researchers of the study explain, "Even before we put food into our mouths our brains have made a judgement about it, which affects our overall experience." How something appears has a clear impact on how we experience it. The silver ware, platters, and packaging used to serve food affects how pleasant the food tastes and how much individuals eat.

References: http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-505269_162-57591092/utensils-can-influence-food-taste-how-much-you-eat-study-finds/

Arguing in Front of the Kids: What Effect Does it Have?

by Kristi Caporoso

    No kids enjoy seeing their parents fight. And in turn, parents usually strive not to fight in front of their children, or drag their children into fights. However, it's impossible to never have an argument in front of your kids. They sometimes erupt at inopportune and unpredicted times. However, you can reign in how your arguments affect your kids if you pay attention to how you are fighting, what you are fighting about, and how you resolve your issues.
    For example, personal attacks on one another will more negatively affect your child than impersonal arguments. They "cause children to believe that their parents are at war and that the dispute will not be resolved except through damage to one parent or the other, or to the relationship between them" (Balter). This is something that as a parent you should strive to avoid; while on the other hand if an argument comes up about something less personal (i.e. shopping for groceries) it may not be as detrimental to your child.
    Your child's age has an impact on the way they see an argument as well. When they are toddlers, kids may not be able to recognize the words being exchanged--but they are able to pick up on discordance. Typically they will cover their ears or eyes to try to shut out the fight. As they get older and can understand what is being said, preschool-aged kids will be more susceptible to take everything they hear literally. Keep this in mind if your argument is escalating in front of your 3-5 year old. Also, kids this age may try acting out to distract parents from a fight. 6-8 year-old kids tend to be more embarrassed by their parents fighting, and "feel pressed to take sides in an argument" (Balter). Overall, as a parent you should monitor the type of fighting that takes place in front of your child. Not only do children tend to blame themselves for their parents' fights, but they also are confused by sarcasm and can in turn grow up to be sarcastic themselves, or distrusting of if others really mean what they say.
    While these fights may not be beneficial, it is important to not just pretend that nothing is wrong and "sweep disagreements under the rug." This does nothing to benefit you or your child--they will not believe you that nothing is wrong, and suspect the worse since you aren't telling them anything. However, when you talk with your kids it's critical not to involve them in your fights. Don't ask them to take your side, don't try to bounce your opinions off of them, etc. The argument is yours to deal with, not theirs. Also detrimental to children is arguing about childrearing practices in front of them. Yelling at your significant other for allowing your child to watch too much TV or something of that nature will further lead the child to believe the fight is their fault.
    Arguing with your spouse or significant other is inevitable. It is also inevitable that these fights will sometimes occur in front of your children. However, if you keep these facts and effects in mind, you should be able to keep in check the negative effects your arguments have on your kids.

Source: Is it OK to argue in front of the children? Lawrence Balter, Ph.D.

Compliments have the same positive effect as recieving money

By Irada Yunusova

Whether for your clothes, your smile, or your car, getting complimented always feels nice. While considering the value of compliments, researchers have found that compliments boost performance. In fact, people respond similarly to receiving a compliment as they do to receiving cash.

In a recent study, 48 adults were asked to learn and perform a specific finger pattern in which they were to push keys on a keyboard in a specific order. The individuals were then split into three groups. In one group an evaluator complimented the participants, in a second group the participants saw another individual receive a compliment, and in the third group individuals evaluated their own performance on a graph. The following day all participants repeated the finger exercise. The participants who received compliments directly were significantly more efficient than those in the other two groups.

Researchers have found that the same area of the brain is activated when an individual is rewarded with both cash and compliments. Researchers theorize that both cash and compliments are related to an individual's sleep. In other studies, researchers have found that praise provides the right memory boost for the brain to more efficiently consolidate learning during sleep.

In addition to boosting morale, compliments can be utilized by teachers in schools and by managers in firms to boost efficiency. So the next time you notice someone else's shoes or dog, complimenting them will boost their mood, even affecting them the next day!

References: http://www.forbes.com/sites/daviddisalvo/2012/11/09/study-receiving-a-compliment-has-same-positive-effect-as-receiving-cash/

Sleep and weight may be related.

By Irada Yunusova

Many individuals are struggling to lose weight and adjust virtually all aspects of their waking lives: the food they eat, how much they exercise, and their hobbies. However, new research indicates that sleep is also an important component.

A recent lab study of 225 healthy, non-obese individuals compared the results of two subject groups, one whose sleep was restricted between 4 am to 8 am for five consecutive nights, and another who slept 10 hours each night from 10 pm to 8 am. All individuals were presented meals at specific times, however food was available in the kitchen at all times. The results of the study indicated that individuals who stayed up late had greater caloric intake, leading to weight gain. It was also noted that the proportion of calories consumed from fat was higher during late-night hours than at other times of the day.

Other notable findings included that during sleep restriction, males gained more weight than females. Also, African Americans gained more weight than Caucasians. It was previously know that African Americans are at a greater risk for obesity and more likely to be habitual short sleepers, and data from this study suggests that the two factors may be connected.

Obesity has been a widespread concern since 69% of Americans are overweight. However, the importance of sleep is gaining recognition. With the fast-paced world of the 21st century, it is important to acknowledge that sleeping habits can influence many aspects of an individual's life, including his or her weight.

References: http://psychcentral.com/news/2013/07/01/abnormal-sleep-habits-can-lead-to-weight-gain-in-adults/56698.html

Paula Deen's Alleged Racist Comments Cause Uproar

By: Sierra Shumate

                Although it is one of the most frequently combated issues in our society, racism is still a prevalent issue we are facing today.  American celebrity chef, former cooking show host, restaurateur, author, actress, and Emmy Award-winning television personality Paula Deen changed her life for the worst last week. 
                After publicly issuing multiple racist comments against African Americans, she was made to apologize while crying on public television. On a talkshow, she brought up an African American man who worked for her, explaining that "it may be difficult to see him against the black backdrop," because he is "dark as night." (Link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pOOtHsYeEqg&feature=player_embedded)
                She giggled, and although laughter ensued in the audience, much of the world was silenced and provoked, seeing her comment as unnecessary, as well as racist. 
                 She explained to the public that, contrary to popular believe, she did not in any way mean anything as a harmful or racist joke, and that she is a very politically correct Southerner with modern values. She was asked if she had ever said the "N-word" in the past, and admitted to it--something that the public reacted even more strongly about, which may have even dug Deen an even deeper hole.
                 Prior to the loss of many of her contracts and her television show on the Food Network, she explained her opinions on racist jokes. "They usually target, though a group. Gays or straights, black, redneck, you know, I just don't know. I can't, myself, determine what offends another person."
                 Many of her comments have made the public very skeptical about Paula's real values, particularly because she made the entire matter extremely public. Even after her apology, Paula has lost millions of dollars, as well as contracts with multiple companies who sell her products and use her name on their brands.  
                 The New York Daily News has been doing some research, and is reporting that the loss of Deen's merchandising and licensing deals will likely end up costing her $7.5 million. In addition, she has lost another 5 million in restaurant and television deals--a total of 12.5 million dollars per year. 
Now the question rises--did her joke go too far, or did the public overreact?